An evidence-based approach is critical, especially when the stakes are personal safety. Empowerment self defense reports highest rate of prevention for any sexual violence intervention program.
Ready to see the data? Review the key research articles cited below to explore the evidence behind ESD’s effectiveness.
Authors: Sarnquist, C., Sinclair, J., Arene-Morley, D., Otieno, R., Gitonga, E., Langat, N., et al.
Overview: This study conducted in Nairobi, Kenya, assessed the impact of a 6-week ESD program on adolescent girls in urban slums. The findings revealed a significant reduction in sexual assault incidents, with the rate of sexual assault decreasing from 24.6% at baseline to 9.2% at follow-up. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of ESD in high-risk environments, emphasizing the importance of self-efficacy and empowerment for young women in preventing violence.
Study Dates: 2010-2013
Publishing Date: 2014
Author: Hollander, J. A.
Overview: This paper reviewed multiple studies on the impact of self-defense training on women’s ability to resist sexual violence. The findings consistently showed that self-defense training increased women’s confidence, assertiveness, and ability to successfully resist assaults, making it an effective tool in sexual violence prevention.
Study Dates: Various studies reviewed from the early 2000s to 2014
Publishing Date: 2014
Link: Violence Against Women
Authors: Edwards, K. M., Siller, L., Wheeler, L. A., Charge, L. L., Charge, D. P. L., Bordeaux, S., Herrington, R., Hopfauf, S. L., & Simon, B.
Overview: This study evaluated an ESD program specifically designed for American Indian girls, finding significant increases in self-efficacy and reductions in sexual assault risk. The study highlights the cultural adaptability and effectiveness of ESD programs in diverse communities.
Study Dates: 2018-2020
Publishing Date: 2021
Authors: Hollander, J. A., & Cunningham, J.
Overview: This research explored the impact of ESD on a diverse community population, focusing on changes in participants’ fear of victimization and self-confidence. The study found that ESD training effectively reduced fear and increased participants’ sense of empowerment and safety.
Study Dates: 2017-2019
Publishing Date: 2020
Author: Thompson, M. E.
Overview: This study highlights how empowering self-defense training contributes to preventing sexual violence by enhancing women’s confidence and assertiveness. It provides evidence that ESD is an effective method for empowering women to protect themselves against violence.
Study Dates: N/A
Publishing Date: 2014
Author: Wanamaker, L. M.
Overview: This paper discusses the broader impacts of feminist empowerment self-defense programs, focusing on how they contribute to preventing gender-based violence. It covers the elements of prevention, resistance, recovery, and revolution in feminist self-defense, emphasizing the role of these programs in fostering resilience and empowerment among women.
Study Dates: N/A
Publishing Date: 2017
Author: Brecklin, L. R.
Overview: This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the outcomes of self-defense training for women. It highlights improvements in assertiveness, risk perception, and reduced victimization among women who participated in ESD programs. The study underscores the effectiveness of ESD in empowering women to defend themselves and reduce the likelihood of assault.
Study Dates: N/A
Publishing Date: 2008
Author: Hollander, J. A.
Overview: This study emphasizes the critical role that self-defense training plays in preventing sexual violence. It discusses how ESD programs help to challenge traditional gender roles, increase women’s sense of control over their bodies, and reduce the likelihood of sexual assault.
Study Dates: N/A
Publishing Date: 2016
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